tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68920008011492215742024-03-13T10:49:43.031-07:00The Revanchist TribuneAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-15768871033427368982016-11-20T22:17:00.001-08:002016-11-20T22:17:18.783-08:00Autumn<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hum2LW2Q8Cg/Vglt3rryhtI/AAAAAAAACX8/I3q6rDYo5rQ/s1600/Autumn-autumn-35540974-1920-1200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hum2LW2Q8Cg/Vglt3rryhtI/AAAAAAAACX8/I3q6rDYo5rQ/s320/Autumn-autumn-35540974-1920-1200.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The
American tree has shed its democratic leaves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">With
the election of Donald Trump, the republic has taken a step towards fascism. As
a charismatic demagogue prepares to place himself at the locus of power, only
one question remains: What do we do now? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though
the prospect of a Trump presidency is utterly terrifying, we cannot be
paralyzed by fear. If we wish to curtail Trump’s power, the demos must organize
themselves and act as American democracy’s bulwark against Donald Trump.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is no time to wait—the destruction of America is imminent. With Trump’s
transition in full swing, the time to resist is now. As Donald Trump continues
to fill the West Wing with white supremacists, it is imperative that we
coalesce into a robust social movement capable of stopping the inevitable
excesses of Trump’s tenure as POTUS. Without a strong counterbalance to Trump’s
fascist tendencies, there will be no check on his power, leaving him free to
enact his brutal policies with little pushback.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
fighting against Trump, the body politic cannot rely on beltway pundits or
Democratic party operatives to do the tough work of fighting Donald Trump. It
cannot expect the feckless GOP to stand up to their grotesque leader. Only a
popular movement can muster up a strong resistance to Trump’s despotic rule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/donald-trump-election-hillary-clinton-election-night-inequality-republicans-trumpism/"><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/donald-trump-election-hillary-clinton-election-night-inequality-republicans-trumpism/">Dan
O’ Sullivan emphasized the importance of organization and mobilization in his most
recent masterpiece, “Vengeance Is Mine” <o:p></o:p></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There can be no dealing with this man. Bernie
has lain down a gauntlet Trump cannot meet. Now, every day, and in every way,
it is time to say “go fuck yourself” to Trump and his ilk, until the weapons
capable of destroying him can be perfected. Trump is, for all his monstrosity,
just a symptom; as daunting as the challenge of frustrating Trump and the GOP’s
agenda at every turn will be, of even graver importance will be constructing an
alternative vision capable of contending with the crisis of American life. The
protests that have rocked America in the wake of the election — right out the
gate, no quarter given — are a promising and heartening start…It is time to
organize and prepare a politics that matters. It is time to confront and defeat
Trump and those like him, not pay him soft homage. No more ceding the ground of
what’s important to these snakes; we can’t anyway, our very lives depend upon
it. Besides, we have a better way.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">O’Sullivan’s call to action not only defines the
challenge we face, but also lays out a plan to overcome that challenge. Indeed,
simply removing an orange-skinned dictator from the Oval Office is not a
sufficient response to the election of Donald Trump. Any movement that wishes
to stop Trump must also destroy the vile racist program the Right has developed
over the past half-century. <a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/442334/jeff-sessions-attorney-general-justice-department-trump-administration">When
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Review</i> writes an editorial
supporting the nomination of Jeff Sesssions, an unabashed racist, as Attorney
General, the bigotry of conservative America becomes abundantly clear. <o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">And, to O’Sullivan and I, that’s why mass
mobilization is the only answer to the white nationalism of Trump and the GOP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No single politician or activist can do it on their
own. Neither Elizabeth Warren nor Bernie Sanders has the ability to take down a
whole ideological movement. Only a strong resistance from the masses offers any
hope of stopping America’s precipitous fall into fascism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-27962913833859347902016-11-13T23:54:00.000-08:002016-11-14T15:02:34.403-08:00Elect Keith Ellison<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/m3w6CsXqxi8uCTG0joSYQA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjtzbT0xO3c9NzQ0O2g9NTA3/http://media.zenfs.com/en/homerun/feed_manager_auto_publish_494/b44d96190b41ad7d1569b4330679ec84" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/m3w6CsXqxi8uCTG0joSYQA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjtzbT0xO3c9NzQ0O2g9NTA3/http://media.zenfs.com/en/homerun/feed_manager_auto_publish_494/b44d96190b41ad7d1569b4330679ec84" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The “deplorables”
despise the Democrats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A central cause
of Sec. Clinton’s shocking defeat to Donald Trump, Clinton’s history of touting
neoliberal economic policy precluded her from making inroads in the white
working class (WWC). If the Democrats wish to win back the presidency from
Trump and the GOP, they must abandon their stale centrism and elect Rep. Keith
Ellison—a true progressive—as DNC chairman. By electing Keith Ellison as
chairman of the DNC, the Democratic Party can build a coalition of black,
Latino and white workers that will help elect Democrats at all levels of
government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suspicious of
Clinton’s rapport with Wall Street, members of the WWC, many of whom voted for
Barack Obama in 2012, voted for Trump’s ethno-nationalist program. In the
Democratic strongholds of Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania, white laborers
rejected Clinton’s moderate economic plan, opting for Trump’s criticism of the “elite”
class and his contempt for free trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order to
wrest power from the hands of Trump and the GOP, it is imperative that the
Democrats steal some of the WWC vote. Only by acknowledging their long-held
grievances will the Democratic party be able to appeal to this demographic and
take back the Rust Belt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">While many of
these WWC voters may be racist philistines, there is assuredly a significant
portion of them who could have been swayed not to vote for Trump. Indeed, just because
some downscale whites voted for Trump, it does not automatically qualify half
of them as “irredeemable.” Instead of haranguing the WWC, the Democratic party
needed to convince them to join a Leftist platform that addressed their
economic anxiety. It behooves the party to pivot towards a progressivism that does
not simply call struggling whites racist but tries to bring them into a broad,
inclusive coalition. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phone banking laborers
in Ohio for Sanders’ presidential campaign, I know first-hand how much a
message of economic security for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all</i>
people (black, Latino, Asian, white) can resonate with the WWC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">As polls during
the primary hinted at, a Sanders-style is the most effective way to combat the
racist populism of Donald Trump. With a progressive economic message, Senator
Bernie Sanders started a dialogue with struggling whites that made him
incredibly popular within the WWC. This popularity was borne out by the variety
of head-to-head polls showing Sanders doing much better than Clinton in a
general election with Trump. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Democrats
need to embrace Sanders and his political vision, starting with a change in
party leadership.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">That is why the
Democratic party should make Rep. Keith Ellison the chairman of the DNC. A
black Muslim and a true fighter for racial and economic justice, Ellison, a
Sanders surrogate during the primaries, is the perfect person to shape the new
Democratic vision. It is so vital that Ellison becomes head of the DNC because,
in that capacity, he would be able to dictate Democratic policy, purge special
interests from the party and allocate funds to important grassroots
organizations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Furthermore,
Ellison repudiates the notion that the Democrats cannot appeal to the WWC without
compromising their commitment to racial and gender equality. As a Minnesota
representative, Keith Ellison, like Bernie Sanders, showed America that politicians
are not compelled to use racist appeals when trying to capture the WWC vote. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In short, Ellison’s
staunch support for economic and racial equity, along with his sympathy for the
WWC, makes him the ideal politician to lead the party’s transition from being a
party of elites to a tribune of everyday Americans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Democrats
cannot afford to choose another establishment stalwart, like Debbie Wasserman
Schultz, who sabotaged Sanders’ campaign, or Donna Brazile, to steer the metaphorical
ship. The party must shake things up and elect Keith Ellison, a progressive
caucus member who can change the core philosophy of the Democratic Party and help
them win the WWC vote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whatever upsides
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commitment to the current Democratic leadership. Despite his progressive
persona during the 04’ primaries, Dean, a big pharma lobbyist, exists as an
establishment figure who will only perpetuate the status quo and alienate
struggling whites. If party officials elect Dean, it would send a strong signal
that Democrats have failed to learn the lessons of this election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instead of a
party that pays lip-service to “diversity” while, at the same time, providing
favorable economic conditions to economic elites on Wall Street and in Silicon
Valley, the Democrats should be a group that fights for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all </i>of the working class—black, Latino and white. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Democrats
must respond to the allure of Trump’s ethno-nationalism with a progressive, not
a centrist, platform. With Keith Ellison spearheading a leftist movement, the
Democrats will stem the tide of neo-fascism and bring the WWC into the party
with a message of egalitarianism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-55097370182979660472016-11-06T23:44:00.002-08:002016-11-07T10:36:43.677-08:00Culture Wars<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://api.theweek.com/sites/default/files/styles/tw_image_9_4/public/56632_article_full.jpg?itok=953jD_gH&resize=1260x560" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://api.theweek.com/sites/default/files/styles/tw_image_9_4/public/56632_article_full.jpg?itok=953jD_gH&resize=1260x560" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If
you’re not focusing on class as your primary thing, then I can’t see how you
can build an anti-racist program or anti-sexist program, unless it just means
purely yelling at people and changing consciousness. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">–
Bhaskar Sunkara, Founding Editor at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jacobin
Magazine<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Within intellectual circles, a debate revolving around
culture rages on. In this debate, many crucial questions have been raised about
asked. What is culture? How is it created? What does it take to change it? In
2014, during the height of the Black Lives Matter protests, many people tried
to ask these questions about the culture of impoverished black communities. Some
argued that poverty and all its trappings—violence, hunger, inadequate
housing—are mainly a product of a culture that promote ignoble values. In “The
Wounds Public Policy Can’t Heal,” an article that frequently alludes to black
culture, David French, a senior fellow at the National Review Institute,
reprimands libertine, progressive elites, like the founders of Black Lives
Matter, for “offering government band-aids to cover the gaping wounds created
by living the very life of sexual self-indulgence and radical personal
autonomy” (French). Others claimed that focusing on the supposedly “deficient” culture
of marginalized people allows people to ignore systemic issues like
institutional racism and classism. In “The Poverty of Culture,” Heideman and
Jonah Birch chastise their liberal cohorts for legitimizing the idea of a
cultural “black pathology,” a notion that “give[s] succor to those who seek to
block any attempt at addressing the real causes of racial inequality” (Heideman
and Birch). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, with the rise of Trump, intellectuals are asking the
very same questions about the Appalachian hillbilly, a group plagued by drug
addiction, health problems and unemployment. Similar to the argument
surrounding black culture, within this conversation, there are two dominant
perspectives. On one end of the debate, people posit that Appalachians, by
holding onto their deficient culture, are responsible for their own turmoil. Exemplified
by J.D. Vance’s critically acclaimed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hillbilly
Elegy</i>, this theory holds that, if Appalachians want to escape their chaotic
situation, it is incumbent on them, not the government. “I don’t know what the
answer is precisely, but I know it starts when we stop blaming Obama or Bush or
faceless companies and ask ourselves what we can do to make things better”
(Vance 178-9). On the other side of the spectrum, there are some who see
culture inextricably tied to class. To them, culture is not something that is
created by the individual, but rather, it is shaped by nefarious social forces
that keep people trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty. Emblematic of this
perspective is Michael Harrington’s seminal 1962 book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Other America</i>. In Harrington’s world, “The first step toward
the new poverty was taken when millions of people proved immune to progress.
When that happened, the failure was not individual and personal, but a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">social</i> [emphasis added] product”
(Harrington 9-10). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">While both Vance and Harrington’s
frameworks make convincing arguments, Harrington’s is more insightful because
it recognizes the current cultural landscape of impoverished communities while
still acknowledging the economic and political trends that led them there. If
one wishes to diagnose, and provide a prescription for, the chaos of Appalachian
society, one must emphasize how structural factors shape hillbilly values, as Harrington
does in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Other America</i>. Indeed, while
culture plays a part in deciding whether a group—geographic, ethnic, economic,
etc.—of people flourish, it is important to recognize how one’s culture is
defined by their socioeconomic limitations. An honest account of why
Appalachian values prove self-destructive would better emphasize their history as
an exploited and politically alienated group. Accepting this reality, society
must enact a series of governmental interventions that brings prosperity to a
community so often expected to pick itself up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What Is
Culture?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In trying to conceptualize the terrible culture
of Appalachian, J.D. Vance uses an ethncultural argument that racializes his
fellow Appalachians, linking them to a Scots-Irish ethnicity. Though seemingly innocuous,
describing Appalachians in ethnic terms has pernicious effects that cannot be
ignored. Comparing Appalachian migrants in the Rust Belt to “southern blacks
arriving in Detroit,” Vance uses a racial attack to criticize hillbillies. “…these
migrants disrupted a broad set of assumptions held by northern whites about how
white people appeared, spoke, and behaved…the disturbing aspect of hillbillies
was their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">racialness </i>[emphasis
added]” (Vance 43). Offensive to both groups, Vance’s assertion that “southern
blacks” and “Appalachians” carry a distinct “racialness” lacks veracity and
nuance. According to Prof. Bob Hutton, “…Scots-Irish, hillbilly, and even the
term ‘culture’ serve as shorthand that make for a much simpler story than one
that explores the contingencies of Appalachian poverty” (Hutton). Indeed, to
Hutton, much of Vance’s work “…smacks of racial determinism, even if ‘culture’
replaces biology in his account” (Hutton). Using this racial attack, Vance ties
all Appalachians to a common ethnicity, enabling him to attribute their culture
to a shared set of ethnic values.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Vance’s perspective, Appalachians
exist as an ethnic group who hold specific values. To Vance, many of these
values exist as terrible aspects of a culture that keeps people locked into a
state of decrepitude. “We do not like outsiders or people who are different
from us, whether the difference lies in how they look, how they act, or, most
important, how they talk. To understand me, you must understand that I am a Scots-Irish
hillbilly at heart” (Vance 6). To show how these “bad” Appalachian attitudes
foster irresponsibility, Vance uses the bigoted tropes of the lazy welfare
queen and the promiscuous mother This is problematic for a couple of reasons. First,
these Appalachian archetypes, and Vance’s definition of Appalachian culture as
a whole, are dubious because they rely “exclusively on personal experiences,”
like “Caudill and Weller[‘s]…culture of poverty theories” (Haynes 16). He has “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">known</i> [emphasis added] many welfare
queens” and others who “gamed the welfare system” (Vance 9). And he “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">noticed </i>[emphasis added] that a Facebook
friend (an acquaintance from high school with similarly deep hillbilly
roots)…was constantly changing boyfriends—going in and out of relationships...with
four children” (Vance 107). Second, these clichés, co-opted from the language
of racism and classism, see Appalachians, not as an exploited class, but as a
lazy, violent ethnicity. Though writing in the 1960s, Harrington’s criticism of
this theory is pertinent. “Here is the most familiar version of social
blindness: ‘The poor are that way because they are afraid of work…they prefer
to live on the dole and cheat the taxpayers” (Harringotn 14). Instead of
researching the economic and political histories of the Appalachian community,
Vance lazily promotes an unfounded and stereotypical portrait of the hillbilly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though Harrington’s position certainly
warrants some criticism, it is still substantially more edifying than Vance’s because
it defines culture in economic terms. Indeed, Harrington is not perfect. Like
Vance, he uses the term “hillbilly” and gives rural and urban Appalachians a
distinct identity (although it is one based on their poverty, not their
ethnicity). Prof. Ada B. Haynes calls this approach into question, when, criticizing
Harrington’s “culture of poverty,” she states, “When taken to the extreme,
culture of poverty theories posit the Appalachian culture not only as deviant
but as pathological” (Harington 15) (Haynes 15). Also, Haynes, using a study by
Thomas Ford, discredits the notion that Appalachians are distinct in their
cultural attitudes. “The Southern Appalachian people…to be sure…retain the
impress of their rural heritage, but for the most part their way of life…their
aspirations are not radically different from those of most other Americans”
(Haynes 17). Still, Harrington’s analysis holds water. While Prof. Haynes offers
up some sharp criticism of Harrington’s work, Harrington’s “culture of poverty”
is somewhat misunderstood by Haynes. Contrary to Haynes’ belief that “none of
the culture of poverty theories focus on the material conditions which shape
the culture (Keefe, 1988),” Harrington goes to great lengths to show you the “mighty
historical and economic forces that keep the poor down” (Harrington 14). Furthermore,
Harrington’s “culture of poverty” is compelling because, unlike Haynes, it tackles
Vance’s argument head-on, attempting to explain the violence, drug abuse and
prejudice Vance sees in Appalachian culture using an economic lens, as opposed
to a racial one. “Poverty in the United States is a culture, an institution, a
way of life” (Harrington 16). Tying poverty and culture together, Harrington,
unlike Vance, uses a well-reasoned, material framework that allows him to see
“bad” ethnicities (i.e. Appalachians) in terms of their class, not their race. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Blame Game <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">As he does in his description of
hillbilly culture, Vance, using anecdotal evidence, shows that economic
insecurity cannot explain why Appalachians hold onto their destructive culture.
His experiences taught him “that this story of economic insecurity, at best, is
incomplete” (Vance 8). As opposed to Michael Harrington, Vance concludes that political
and economic marginalization do not explain why Appalachians continue to live
in squalor. Stemming from a worldview that thinks everyone has the ability to
choose how they live their lives, Vance, instead, ignorantly blames the
beleaguered Appalachian for their own cultural deterioration. This feeling is
apparent when he, self-righteously, points out that despite the dwindling
numbers of available factory jobs, there were still positions open to laborers
who wanted them. The problem, however, was that Appalachian men were too
irresponsible to fill them. “The problems that I saw at the tile warehouse run
far deeper than macro-economic trends and policy. Too many young men immune to
hard work…There is a lack of agency here” (Vance 9). Looking from Vance’s
vantage point, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Review</i>’s
Kevin D. Williamson echoes this sentiment. In “The Father-Führer,” Williamson
bluntly criticizes Appalachians for being “morally…indefensible.” “Forget your
sanctimony about struggling Rust Belt factory towns and your conspiracy
theories about the wily Orientals stealing our jobs…The white American
underclass is in thrall to a vicious, selfish culture whose main products are
misery and used heroin needles” (Williamson). Though Williamson is a bit
crasser than Vance in his evaluation, his critique reinforces Vance’s theory. “These
problems were not created by governments or corporations or anyone else. We
created them” (Vance 178). From Vance and Williamson’s parochial perspective, Appalachians
take the lion’s share of the blame for their milieu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unlike those who adopt a class framework that relies on
historical and analytical evidence, Vance and Williamson base their conclusions
on piety and “ignorant, smug moralisms.” People in Vance’s intellectual camp “view
the effects of poverty—above all, the warping of the will and spirit that is a
consequence of being poor—as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">choices</i>
[emphasis added]” (Harrington 15-6). Ignoring the brutal economic assault that public
and private sector have mounted against poor Appalachians, or “material conditions
which shape the culture” they think that culture is something that exists
separately from economic status (Haynes 16). For Vance and Williamson, poverty
does not create culture, but rather, culture creates, and sustains, poverty. To
substantiate this claim, they use personal experience, an incredibly biased
source of evidence, to supplement their arguments. A propos J.D. Vance, Prof. Bob
Hutton states, “If faced with empirical evidence that suggests his experience
is more exception than rule, he can always fall back on the position that <i>Hillbilly
Elegy</i> is simply his own personal ‘journey’ — a brilliant, infuriating
paradox for anyone looking to criticize him” (Hutton). Though they write
eloquently about the problems facing the hillbilly, their warrants are grounded
in shaky evidence that leads them to ignorantly blames poor Appalachians, not economic
and political domination, for the inability of the hillbilly to lift themselves
out of poverty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instead of excoriating Appalachians for hanging onto a
culture that prevents them from changing their economic reality, Harrington and
Haynes use empiricism to explain how poor Appalachians suffered significant
economic and political abuse. Starting as early as the 19<sup>th</sup> century,
capitalists sought to exploit Appalachian land and labor as a way to
unscrupulously make a profit. “The separations of producers from the means of
production became the primary untdertaking of the corporations upon initial
contact with the region <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Gaventa,
1976; Lewis, 1976)…</span>Not only outside industrialists, but the local elite
also participated in this separation of labourers from the means of production”
(Haynes 49). In the subsequent century, economic and political abuse continued
to negatively impact Appalachians. During the 1930s, many of the poor did not
feel the beneficial effects of “unemployment compensation [and] the Wagner
act,” and were left out of the burgeoning middle class of the post-World War II
era (Harrington 9). “These were people in the unorganizable jobs, in the South,
in the minority groups, in the fly-by-night factories that were low on capital
and high on labor” (Harrington 9). Appalachians felt this acutely when, during
the mechanization of the post-War period, many hillbilly farmers remained poor
while “the big corporate farms gained” (Harrington 39). And, for the
hillbillies who migrated to urban centers, they were forced to live in “the
slums…and…work…the dirtiest and most menial jobs” (Harrington 96). In short, since
the early stages of industrialization, the highest strata of economic and
political power were the primary shapers of Appalachian society, as they
expropriated private property, controlled labor laws and enforced racial
segregation<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6892000801149221574#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lastly, structural barriers trap Appalachians that prevents
people from obtaining financial and cultural stability. As previously
mentioned, a group of people’s culture is intimately tied to their economic
standing. In reality, no matter the ethnicity, if a group of people are ravaged
by nefarious economic and political actors, they are bound to live in a state
of material and cultural poverty. Poor people were “born…in the wrong section
of the country, in the wrong industry, or in the wrong racial or ethnic group”
(Harrington 14-5). Furthermore, those who live in this poverty are stuck there,
due to, what Harrington calls, “a vicious circle” (Harrington 15). Of course,
considering their total dismissal of the economic and political background of
Appalachian life, Vance and Williamson disagree with this. When Vance states,
in reference to his drug-addicted mother’s rough childhood, “No person’s
childhood gives him or her a perpetual moral get-out-of-jail-free card,” he is
speaking to the fact Harrington’s “vicious circle,” does not give people the
license to be immoral. While, on a superficial level this may be true, it
ignores how poverty forces people into making decisions that exacerbate their
situation. Showing how “the poor get sick more than anyone else in the
society,” Harrington demonstrates how the “vicious circle” functions. “The poor
get sick more than anyone else in the society. That is because they live…under
unhygienic conditions; they have inadequate diets, and cannot get decent
medical care…they lose wages and work, and find it difficult to hold a steady
job. And because of this, they cannot pay for good housing, for a nutritious
diet, for doctors” (Harrington 15). Clearly, the rapacious greed of powerful
capitalists and politicians, not the uncouth behavior of the Appalachian, placed
hillbillies into poverty (which, as Harrington laid out, is not only a class
distinction, but also a culture), trapping them into a vicious cycle of
poverty, sickness and hopelessness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Burn The Bootstraps<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">For those who implicate Appalachians in the creation and
perpetuation of their poverty-creating culture, only the hillbilly can fix
her/his community. If, like David French, one believes that, “…millions of
Americans aren’t doing their best. Indeed, they’re barely trying,” the only
solution to Appalachian poverty, then, is for hillbillies to start trying
“their best” (French). Though a somewhat laughable idea, this prescription acts
as the main argument for many intellectuals, including Vance. Indeed, since
Appalachians “created” the problems, “only [Appalachians] can fix them” (Vance
178). From Vance’s perspective, the predicament Appalachians find themselves in
cannot be fixed by a policy proposal; no government intervention can enlighten
the Appalachian masses. “Public policy can help, but there is no government
that can fix these problems for us.” Ignoring the economic and political
marginalization that Appalachians face, Vance offers up a nonsensical, cruel solution
to the hillbilly: Save yourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although Vance and his friends at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Review</i> do offer up some policy reforms, these reforms
exist as paternalistic solutions that do not provide any material assistance. While
Vance’s proposal to stop Section 8 housing segregation is noble this one small
solution, one of the few that he provides, does not get to the core of the
problem—economic and political abuse and alienation. In his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Review </i>piece, “Social Inequality
Matters as Much as – or More Than – Economic Inequality,” Oren Cass exemplifies
this problem, arguing that social reforms, not economic stimulus, are the only
ways to improve the situation of impoverished people. His research “suggests that
today’s emphasis on economic resources is a mistake. The focus should be on
disrupting the cycle of poverty in which social decay in one generation
inhibits the development of the next, individuals ill-prepared for life and
work face limited opportunity, and their ensuing struggles cause further social
decay” (Cass). For Vance, who loathes how people “gamed the welfare system,”
and Cass, if the government has any role in helping poor people, it is in their
ability to stop enabling bad behavior, particularly in the realm of welfare
dependancy. In reference to Appalachian laziness, David French states, “And
that’s where disability or other government programs kicked in…You don’t have
to do any work (your disability lawyer does all the heavy lifting), you make
money, and you get drugs” (French). In this myopic perspective, if society is
to help, it should only be through making the working class more “responsible”
for their own lives and less dependent on government assistance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In lieu of a program of “personal responsibility,” Harrington’s
suggests that the American government provide Appalachians with substantial economic
relief. Fully dismissive of the idea that poor people are somehow “dependant,” Harrington,
based on the history of poverty in America, sees large-scale interventions as
the only way for society to alleviate the pains of Appalachian poverty. “To a
large extent, the answer…will be determined by the political response of the
United States…If serious and massive action is not undertaken, it may be
necessary for statisticians to add some old-fashioned, pre-welfare-state
poverty to the misery of the other America” (Harrington 14). As opposed to
those who “base their culture of poverty theories exclusively on personal
experiences,” Harrington uses evidence to prove that the only way to solve a “culture
of poverty” is with political action (Haynes 16). “Because of this, the new
poverty is something that cannot be dealt with by first aid. If there is to be
a lasting assault on the shame of the other America, it must seek to root out
of this society an entire environment, and not just the relief of individuals”
(Harrington 11). Specifically, if society wishes to ameliorate the dire
situation of Appalachians, there must be a major investment into Appalachian
infrastructure and social services. In his chapter on Appalachian life,
Harrington states, “The whole structure of backwardness and decay, including
bad public facilities, lack of water control, and the struggle with soil
erosion, could be dealt with. But such a program would be truly massive. It
would require a basic commitment from the Federal Government” (Harrington). To
Harrington, an economic and political response to the exploitation of the Appalachian
community, not a lecture on morality and responsibility, is the key to solving
the “backwardness” of hillbilly culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Though a drastic change in the
material conditions of the Appalachian is not the panacea for all the cultural
attitudes that keep Appalachians “immune to progress,” it is a fulcrum part of
any plan which aspires to solve the problems of hillbilly culture. When it
comes to certain aspects of hillbilly culture—racism, sexism and xenophobia—it
is apparent that there are serious problems that economic redistribution cannot
solve. “<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">…working on ending economic inequality
alone will not change the reality of racism and discrimination that people of
color continue to face on a daily basis. Let’s not forget that if a fair and
just society is the goal, racial equity needs to be a priority,” says </span>Elaine
Gross, President of Erase Racism (<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Gross). However,
this does not mean that the government should not try to improve the economic
and political reality of today’s Appalachia. Take the white working class support
for Trump. To Seth Ackerman of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jacobin
Magazine</i>, even if many Trump’s voters (many of them Appalachian) support
him because of their racist culture, that is no reason to ostracize them even
more, pushing them deeper into poverty. “</span>if a <i>cordon sanitaire</i> is
placed around that demographic territory and hung with the notorious label, ‘Trump
Vote,’ the Democrats will be even more likely to let the party system drift
down its current path: into the culture-war politics of the reactionary
Tammany-versus-Klan 1920s” (Ackerman). So, though a material solution may not
fully eradicate racism and sexism from Appalachian culture, if we ever hope to
fix hillbilly culture, we must reach out them and offer up a material solution.
As Bhaskar Sunkara said in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vox </i>interview,
“yelling at” Appalachians will only exacerbate their economic pains, sinking
them deeper into poverty, despair and bigotry. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In conclusion, when plumbing the nuanced debate surrounding
Appalachia’s deficient culture, it is readily apparent that economic and
political abuse play a much more significant part in shaping Appalachian
culture than ethnicity, race or traditional values. Moreover, wee see that the
materialist framework of Harrington and his ideological allies better explains
Appalachian culture and poverty than Vance’s ethno-cultural framework. Contra
Vance, Harrington proposes that Appalachian culture is simply a manifestation
of the poverty hillbillies live in. Refusing to blame the culture of the
Appalachian for their destitute society, Harrington uses historical and analytical
data to show how economic abuse and political exclusion are the true causes of the
destruction of the hillbilly community. While Vance insists that Appalachians
have to clean up their own mess, Harrington, in recognizing Appalachian
history, correctly pushes for a massive economic intervention by the
government, one that would help bring much-needed progress to a group of people
stuck in a fraught situation. Indeed, instead of lecturing hillbillies on the
virtues of responsibility, we should acknowledge the domination of economic and
political over the Appalachian community. With this recognition, then, society
as a whole can push for a material solution that gives the hillbilly economic
security and a political voice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Works Cited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ackerman, Seth. "Sympathy for the
Devil?" <i>Jacobin Magazine</i>. N.p.,
20 Oct. 2016. Web. 24 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/trump-voters-white-working-class-vox-racism/>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cass, Oren. "Social Inequality
Matters as Much as — or More Than — Economic Inequality." <i>National Review</i> n.d.: n. pag. <i>National Review Online</i>. 19 Oct. 2015.
Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425746/social-inequality-matters-much-or-more-economic-inequality-oren-cass>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">French, David. "Working-Class Whites
Have Moral Responsibilities." <i>National
Review Online</i>. N.p., 14 Mar. 2016. Web. 18 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/432796/working-class-whites-have-moral-responsibilities-defense-kevin-williamson>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">French, David. "The Wounds Public
Policy Can't Heal." <i>National Review
Online</i>. N.p., 9 Aug. 2016. Web. 18 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438813/americas-broken-families-cultural-problem>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harrington, Michael. <i>The Other America</i>. New York: MacMillan, 1963. Print.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haynes, Ada B. <i>Poverty In Central Appalachia</i>. New York: Garland, 1997. Print.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heideman, Paul, and Jonah Birch.
"The Poverty of Culture." <i>Jacobin
Magazine</i>. N.p., 16 Sept. 2014. Web. 16 Oct. 2016. <https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/09/the-poverty-of-culture/>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hutton, Bob. "Hillbilly
Elitism." <i>Jacobin Magazine</i>.
N.p., 1 Oct. 2016. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/hillbilly-elegy-review-jd-vance-national-review-white-working-class-appalachia/>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matthews, Dylan. "Inside
Jacobin." <i>Vox</i>. N.p., 21 Mar.
2016. Web. 14 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.vox.com/2016/3/21/11265092/jacobin-bhaskar-sunkara>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vance, J.D. <i>Hillbilly Elegy</i>. New York City: HarperCollins, 2016. Ipad.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Williamson, Kevin D. "The Father
Fuhrer." <i>National Review</i> n.d.:
n. pag. <i>National Review Online</i>. 28
Mar. 2016. Web. 18 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/432569/father-f-hrer>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6892000801149221574#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> “Company town
paternalism provided housing, churches, school, stores and medical care with separate
facilities for blacks and white (Turner & Cabbell, 1985)” (Haynes 50).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-6405129224081669982016-10-29T19:08:00.001-07:002016-10-29T19:08:59.033-07:00Talk The Talk, Walk The Walk <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~babis/veritas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://people.seas.harvard.edu/~babis/veritas.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Though many on college campuses—students,
faculty, administrators—cannot stop talking about the need for social justice,
when a movement for worker’s rights actually materializes on campus, it is shocking.
Provosts, deans and vice-presidents pontificate about the need for diversity all
the time, but, rarely, do you see these powerful individuals fight for
something that can actually change the lives of people. When these individuals
give speeches on minority rights on campus, <a href="http://www.keckmedicine.org/keck-hospital-of-usc-statement-in-response-to-nuhw-strike-announcement/">yet
fight against for the USC health workers going on strike for higher wages and
better benefits</a>, they betray their superficiality. Indeed, it easy to talk
a big game when it comes to sexual assault, diversity and living wages for service
workers at the university —all extremely important and pressing issues—but when
you have nothing to show for it, one is forced to think that you are simply
feigning concern. Looking at the recent Harvard University Dining Service
(HUDS) strike, it is evident that, despite all the posturing, the academic powers
that be do not actually care about anyone but themselves. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/24/opinion/struggling-to-serve-at-the-nations-richest-university.html">In
an op-ed for The New York Times, Rosa Ines Rivera, one of the HUDS workers on
strike, points out the “hypocrisy” of the institution she works for</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "times new roman";">On my way to work each morning, I pass a building with the
inscription: “The highest attainable standard of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every human being.” If Harvard believes this, why is the
administration asking dining hall workers to pay even more for our health care
even though some of us pay as much as $4,000 a year in premiums alone? I serve
the people who created Obamacare, people who treat epidemics and devise ways to
make the world healthier and more humane. But I can’t afford the health care
plan Harvard wants us to accept.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "times new roman";">In her piece, Rivera brilliantly, and perceptively, calls
Harvard out on their bullshit. If Harvard, <a href="http://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/the-short-list-college/articles/2016-10-04/10-universities-with-the-biggest-endowments">a
university with one of the largest endowments in the United States</a>, is not
paying their workers a living wage, it is because they are greedy, not frugal. Indeed,
at Harvard, and other universities, there are many fellows, tenure-track
professors and administrators who cannot bother to address the long-held
grievances held by the university staff. <a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/harvard-strike-dining-workers-democrats-labor/">Corey
Robin puts it best when he states</a>,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">While the
union and its supporters did a heroic job of mobilizing support on the
Harvard campus and its surroundings, the fact remains that only <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/10/25/faculty-letter-supports-strike/"><span style="color: windowtext;">130</span></a> to <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/business/dispatches/2016/10/harvard_s_striking_workers_have_a_secret_weapon_students.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">150</span></a> of Harvard’s instructional staff
even signed <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mBwD7nCRVUbVoTIhgxts7Q4TxlRXoF5YZrhJEAZbT6o/edit"><span style="color: windowtext;">a petition in support of the strike</span></a>. And of
those, many seem to be instructors, lecturers, visiting faculty, and the
like. According to <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/10/25/faculty-letter-supports-strike/"><span style="color: windowtext;">one count</span></a>, Harvard has nearly one thousand
tenure-track or tenured faculty, of whom only sixty-five signed. Less than 10
percent, in other words. I can think, off the top of my head, of a lot of
big names on the Harvard faculty who are prominently associated with
contemporary liberalism, who think Trump and all that he represents is a
shanda, who love the multicultural coalition that is the Democratic Party, and
who are nowhere to be seen on that petition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">What
makes Robins statement so profound is that he criticizes those at the highest strata
of the academy for pretending to be progressives, yet doing or saying nothing
to help the cause of these exploited laborers. So, while Harvard, <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-workers-went-on-strike-and-won-heres-how-they-did-it-and-how-students-helped/">after
a constant barrage of harassment by union workers, students and organizers, acquiesced
to the demands of those leading the strike</a>, we should not be fooled. If we
ever hear another administrator talk about an important issue, we should say, “OK,
that is great…but what are you doing about it?” <span style="color: #262626;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-334839463817974552016-10-22T21:46:00.002-07:002016-10-29T16:53:43.003-07:00Bad Contracts Abound<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qbCo39HSh9E/WAw_59hmT0I/AAAAAAAAAQw/jgEoi7WzjsEjNHSj7fBcYb3GcxYo3NmbACLcB/s1600/163851235.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qbCo39HSh9E/WAw_59hmT0I/AAAAAAAAAQw/jgEoi7WzjsEjNHSj7fBcYb3GcxYo3NmbACLcB/s320/163851235.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>(GSP, on the left, punching Nick Diaz, on the
right.)</i></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">After
a three-year sabbatical, former Ultimate Fighting Champion (UFC) welterweight
champion, Georges St. Pierre, or GSP, decided that it was time to return to the
UFC. Though, during the summer time<a href="http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/8/25/12646610/georges-st-pierre-all-the-stars-are-aligned-for-ufc-return-in-toronto">,
there were rumblings that St. Pierre was plotting a return to the sports’ most
prestigious fight promotion</a>, nothing ever materialized. Now, <a href="http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/10/17/13301810/the-mma-hour-with-michael-bisping-holly-holm-gegard-mousasi-mike">after
a shocking interview with Mixed Martial Arts’ (MMA) foremost journalistic voice</a>,
Ariel Helwani, we, presumably, understand why. In the chat with Helwani, GSP—the
former face of the UFC—announced that he would be entering into free agency,
opening the door for a potential exit from MMA’s most prestigious fight
promotion, the UFC. Processing this astonishing announcement, many fans, fighters
and journalists within the sport had a lot of questions. However, the most
salient question people were asking themselves was, “Can GSP really do this?
Isn’t he under contract?” And, indeed, it did not take long for the UFC brass
to give the community-at-large their answer. No, they said, GSP can’t do this;
he’s still under contract.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><a href="http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/10/17/13313082/ufc-says-georges-st-pierre-is-still-under-zuffa-contract">Here
is a quote by Zuffa, the company that owns the UFC.</a> “<span style="color: #2d2d2d;">Georges St-Pierre remains under an existing agreement
with Zuffa, LLC as his MMA promoter…Zuffa intends to honor its agreement with
St-Pierre and reserves its rights under the law to have St-Pierre do the
same."</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>To the average
person, it may be strange that die-hards like me are getting so riled up over
this development. They may say, “The UFC is right, if GSP is still under
contract, then he has an obligation to complete it. What’s the big deal?”
Though that perspective seems reasonable to people who are not fans of MMA, those
close to the sport understand why GSP trying to back out of his contract is
such a monumental event. What makes this story so important is that it goes to
heart of one of the most contentious issues in the Mixed Martial Arts world—the
issue of fighter contracts in the UFC. Exploitative and anarchic, the contracts
doled out by the UFC have been at the center of the fight, no pun intended, for
fair compensation and fighters’ rights. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In response to the UFC denying GSP’s
yearning to become a free agent, St. Pierre’s lawyer, James Quinn, <a href="http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/10/19/13333778/georges-st-pierres-lawyer-calls-ufc-contract-something-out-of-the">responded
in a brutally honest fashion</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "times new roman";">Quinn, an attorney who has successfully led cases against the
NBA, NFL and numerous other major entities in the past, compared the terms in
St-Pierre's UFC contract to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"something
out of the 1940s."</b> He said he hasn't seen language that restrictive in
a sporting contract in 30 years, and that all past examples of similar deals
have been found to be illegal once placed under the scrutiny of the law. He
also cited the ongoing antitrust lawsuit currently being waged against the UFC
by several former fighters. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"You
couldn't get away with any old contract in any of the other sports,"</b>
Quinn said. "There is litigation in that aspect of a class-action lawsuit
that challenges the contract as being illegal under the NHS laws. That case is
ongoing, and I think that under the law's terms, I don't think the contract --
that formal contract -- is likely to stand up.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Not in today's world. It's a pretty nice form of slavery." <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "times new roman";">Refusing to mince his words, Quinn articulated how many UFC
fighters feel about the current <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: "times new roman";">state of contract negotiations. And, although GSP is the one
currently embroiled in contract negotiations, many fighters, <a href="http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/5/31/8695387/jose-aldo-ufc-reebok-deal-wants-fighters-union-mma-news">including
former featherweight champion Jose Aldo</a>, have spoken about the need for the
UFC to treat their fighters fairly. Specifically, many parties, <a href="http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/8/22/6054745/georges-st-pierre-ufc-interview-drug-testing-fighter-union">including
GSP</a>, <a href="http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/5/31/8695387/jose-aldo-ufc-reebok-deal-wants-fighters-union-mma-news">have
called for the formation of a fighter union that can protect fighters and
negotiate beneficial contracts.</a> However, at every turn, the UFC has done
everything they can to sabotage any effort to form a union. <a href="http://www.bjpenn.com/mma-news/jose-aldo/jose-aldo-says-dana-white-told-him-to-keep-quiet-about-fighters-union-to-get-paid-more/">Whether
it is Aldo telling the media that Dana White—the president of the UFC—offered
him a bigger contract in exchange for his silence on the union issue</a>, or the
UFC sending deceiving emails to fighters warning them of the potential
oppressiveness of union bosses, there is ample evidence to show how the idea of organizing fighters is an anathema in the eyes of ownership. And with the lack of an MMA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Boxing_Reform_Act">Muhammad
Ali Act</a>, which secured a fixed amount of money for boxers, fighters often
find themselves stuck in terrible contracts that lower their quality of life. <a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/08/ufc-dana-white-fertitta-trump-boxing-mma/">Adam
Szetela eloquently described this phenomenon in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jacobin Magazine</i> article, “The Bullies’ Club.”<o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The UFC
maintains this disparity, which leaves some fighters driving Lamborghinis while
others would be better off “emptying trash cans,” through its individual
contractor model. Each fighter signs a contract for a certain number of fights
and months of service that also designates specific pay for each fight. They
earn more money if they win and make as little as half if they lose. In boxing,
the Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act established minimum purse standards. But no
legal minimum regulates UFC pay. Fights aren’t their only source of income,
though. White and the Fertitta brothers occasionally give some employees
discretionary checks if they perform especially well or are deemed “loyal.” Fighters
cannot quit to work for another promotion company, but the UFC has the right to
either terminate or automatically extend their contracts. If fighters win a
championship during the last fight on their contract, then they must fight
again…Further, a non-disclosure clause bars fighters from publicly discussing
their salaries. Information has filtered out, however, from fighters who have
broken their contracts in protest or whose court cases against the UFC have
been released. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zev Eigen — a former Yale
law professor — notes that the UFC’s contracts violate the Thirteenth
Amendment, the National Labor Relations Act, and provisions won by the Ali Act.
He describes them as “the worst [contracts] he’s seen in the sports or
entertainment fields.”</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Though
many in the sport hoped that, after the old owners, the Fertitta brothers, <a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/08/ufc-dana-white-fertitta-trump-boxing-mma/">sold
the company to WME-IMG for four billion dollars</a>, things would change, unfortunately,
as evidenced by the GSP contract fiasco, the new owners have perpetuated the
unfair labor practices. Under the new ownership regime, fighters have seen no
improvements in their wages and no hope for more favorable contracts. Like so
many other people in the labor force, UFC fighters—whether they be big names like
GSP or lesser known athletes—face an uphill battle when it comes to getting
what they deserve. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-25784782249900233002016-10-15T23:29:00.004-07:002016-10-16T10:27:57.424-07:00"I am a big fan of Hindu" or How Trump Makes Friends<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TkTqNtl_TXw/WAMblLXJPiI/AAAAAAAAAPE/f0NJlPzzpEwrf5t-GJGYKzXIUipYObhfACLcB/s1600/Cu3P_DPWgAA97vI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TkTqNtl_TXw/WAMblLXJPiI/AAAAAAAAAPE/f0NJlPzzpEwrf5t-GJGYKzXIUipYObhfACLcB/s320/Cu3P_DPWgAA97vI.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Donald Trump does not have many close
friends. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/nyregion/for-donald-trump-friends-in-few-places.html?_r=0">“Donald
has some friends like me, but he’s much more of a homebody than you’d think,”
said Richard LeFrak, a fellow real-estate tycoon who has known Mr. Trump for
more than 40 years. ‘He’s very gregarious and has lots of acquaintances. But
people that he’s close to? Not so many.”</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Despite this lack of intimate relationships,
Trump’s rhetoric has endeared him to millions of people. And, funnily enough,
Trump is completely aware of this fact. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/nyregion/for-donald-trump-friends-in-few-places.html?_r=0">Speaking
to his supporters in New Hampshire, Trump remarked, “I have no friends, as far
as I’m concerned…You know who my friends are? You’re my friends.”</a> Indeed,
while he may not be willing to let people into his personal life, Trump’s
message of hate has resonated with large swaths of people. Furthermore, not
only has Trump animated many Americans, he has also inspired many prominent
nationalists across the globe. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/15/nigel-farage-backtracks-on-donald-trump-support-amid-groping-claims">Despite
condemning Trump’s vulgar comments about women</a>, UKIP (England’s nationalist
party that spearheaded the Brexit referendum) leader Nigel Farage has, in the
past, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/29/politics/nigel-farage-praises-trump-rally/">praised
Trump, calling him the “new Ronald Reagan.”</a> A propos Trump, <a href="http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/07/93300-2/">Dutch right-winger
Geert Wilders recently stated, “I wish we had political leaders like this in
the Netherlands who defend their own country…. and forget the rest.”</a></span><span style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: "times new roman";"> <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/why-dutch-far-right-extremist-geert-wilders-has-come-to-cleveland-to-cheer-on-donald-trump/">Wilders
even attended the Republican National Convention in July.</a> The solidarity that
these nationalists, and <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-le-pen-trump-idUSKCN0ZM05W">others</a> (‘Il
faut que nous </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">expulsions les
immigres!’)<span style="color: #0e0e0e;">, have shown for Trump may be
counter-intuitive to some. If they are truly nationalistic, what interest do
these actors have in forging bonds with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foreign</i>
leaders? While some may posit that the common ground for these far right
figures may be due to their skin color, that supposition is facile. What really
binds these political forces together is a shared disdain for Muslim
immigrants. As the Jews were for so many centuries in Europe, Muslims have
become the scapegoats for the problems that plague nations around the world. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: "times new roman";">Whether it is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/16/nigel-farage-accuse-british-muslims-conflicting-loyalties">Farage</a>,
<a href="http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/06/07/geert-wilders-muslims-leave-islam-opt-for-freedom/">Wilders</a>,
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/world/europe/marine-le-pens-anti-islam-message-gains-influence-in-france.html">Le
Pen</a> or <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pushes-expanded-ban-on-muslims-and-other-foreigners/2016/06/13/c9988e96-317d-11e6-8ff7-7b6c1998b7a0_story.html">Trump</a>,
any astute observer will notice the anti-Muslim vitriol spewed by these repulsive
leaders. Still, even after dismissing skin color as the cause of nationalist solidarity, it was surprising to see Hindu nationalists
embrace Donald Trump, and vice e versa. Recently, <a href="https://twitter.com/ArifCRafiq/status/786265428574076929">the chairman of
the Republican Hindu Coalition (RHC), Shalabh Kumar, endorsed Trump in explicitly
islamophobic terms,</a> pointing out that Trump recognizes the “camel in the
room.” And, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/us/politics/indian-americans-trump.html">in
addition to the many pro-Trump rallies being held in India</a>, the RHC
recently organized a #HindusforTrump rally Saturday in New Jersey, an event in
which Donald Trump appeared to garner support from the Hindu community. <a href="https://twitter.com/ArifCRafiq/status/786265428574076929">Filled with
Michael Jackson impersonators</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/hollybdc/status/787432821791002626">dance routines
filled with sexual innuendo</a>, the utterly bizarre event, at least on a
superficial level, runs counter to Trump’s xenophobic, anti-immigrant message. <a href="https://twitter.com/mtracey/status/787472588914233344?lang=en">As VICE
Journalist Michael Tracey, who attended the event, stated on twitter</a>, “</span><span style="color: #1f2326; font-family: "times new roman";">I've been to many
mind-bending campaign events this cycle but tonight's psychedelic
Trump/Bollywood extravaganza might just take the cake...” However, if one
conducts an even cursory examination of Hindu nationalist politics, they will
understand Trump’s appeal to segments of the Hindu community. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/us/politics/indian-americans-trump.html">Exploiting
events like terrorist acts committed by extremists</a>, both Hindu nationalists
and alt-right fear-mongers, like Donald Trump, use demagoguery to instill fear
into the populace and bolster their political power. This was wholly apparent
at Saturday’s event, where, in one routine, Hindu dancers were threatened by
jihadists, only to be saved by Navy Seals. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b_eE_D0gywE/WAMd5OjNqYI/AAAAAAAAAPM/VHyn-tnQf7AZHm-lS3yDDP7jgee5vLHtACLcB/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-10-15%2Bat%2B11.26.52%2BPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://twitter.com/ArifCRafiq/status/787425879492296704?lang=en">https://twitter.com/ArifCRafiq/status/787425879492296704?lang=en</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #1f2326; font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 0.5in;">Though the most notable Hindu
nationalist, current Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi, has not expressed
support for Trump, his hatred for Islam was exposed in the 2002 Gujarat riots. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13170914">As chief minister of
Gujarat, he inflamed tensions and encouraged Hindus to kill Muslims</a>. It
ended in, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/07/narendra-modi-massacre-next-prime-minister-india">what
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Guardian</i> called</a>, an “</span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 0.5in;">orgy of killing and rape.” Considering
Saturday night’s ugly event, and the political positions that nationalists like
Modi hold, one gains insight into what links today’s nationalists. <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/donald-trump-promises-a-better-friendship-with-india-praises-narendra-modi-3085432/">When
Trump called Modi a “Great Man,”</a> it was not by accident. Tied together by
islamaphobic sentiments, the modern nationalist agenda, ironically, is not
bound by national borders. In supporting each other, nationalists are able to
support each other in their quest to eradicate Islam, promote their national identity
and tighten their grip on the political system.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-48690860832376311982016-10-08T20:21:00.001-07:002016-10-08T20:21:54.908-07:00Why Do They Hate Women?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.thenational.ae/storyimage/AB/20160512/OPINION/160519633/AR/0/&NCS_modified=20160514100831&MaxW=640&imageVersion=default&AR-160519633.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.thenational.ae/storyimage/AB/20160512/OPINION/160519633/AR/0/&NCS_modified=20160514100831&MaxW=640&imageVersion=default&AR-160519633.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
do today’s despots think about women? <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html">As
evidenced by Donald Trump’s disgusting and vulgar comments condoning sexual
assault, our current cadre of authoritarian figures consistently display their
disdain for women.</a> Indeed, when trying to understand the ideology that
underlies the rise of these charismatic figures one must recognize how vital
misogyny is to the messaging of the aforementioned political characters. <a href="http://time.com/4247405/donald-trump-megyn-kelly-debate-opponent/">Ever
since Trump’s debate argument with Fox News’ Megyn Kelly</a>, and <a href="mailto:http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/08/politics/donald-trump-cnn-megyn-kelly-comment/">the
subsequent derogatory remarks he directed at Kelly</a>, Donald Trump’s male
chauvinism has been well documented. Whether it’s <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/27/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-stamina/">his
critique of Sec. Clinton’s “stamina,”</a> or his <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/27/ex-wife-donald-trump-made-feel-violated-during-sex.html">ex-wife
Ivana’s accusations of rape</a>, Trump’s treatment of women has been
characterized by sexism and sexual violence. And now, after the recent uncovering
of his 2005 interview with Access Hollywood’s Billy Bush, in which he described
how he sexually assaulted women, Trump’s hateful attitude toward women has become
the salient issue of his campaign. Importantly, this sexism is a common trait
amongst a significant amount of male totalitarians. Rodrigo Duterte, the
president of the Philippines, embodies this characteristic in a specifically
egregious way. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/04/25/after-disgusting-gang-rape-joke-philippine-presidential-contender-duterte-widens-lead/">When
he was running for president Duterte made disgusting remarks “r<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eferencing a 36-year-old
Australian lay minister named Jacqueline Hamill, who was held hostage, raped,
had her throat slashed and was shot in 1989.”</span></a></span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All the women were raped so during the first assault, because they
retreated, the bodies they used as a cover, one of them was the corpse of the
Australian woman lay minister. Tsk, this is a problem. When the bodies were
brought out, they were wrapped. I looked at her face, son of a bitch, she looks
like a beautiful American actress. Son of a bitch, what a waste. What came to
mind was, they raped her, they lined up. I was angry because she was raped,
that’s one thing. But she was so beautiful, the mayor should have been first.
What a waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As everyone who has some knowledge of Filipino politics immediately
recognized, when Duterte laments that “the mayor should have” raped the women
first, he is talking about himself, the former mayor of Davao. It is so essential
to analyze Duterte, Trump and their contemporaries’ misogyny because it
presents a life-threatening danger to women around the world and acts as a
fulcrum aspect to their personas’. When attempting to project toughness and
strength, authoritarian entities of all varieties rely on sexist, hateful
language. Essentially reactionary actors, nefarious leaders like Duterte and
Trump use vulgar language and the threats of rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment
as tools to bolster their image as masculine demigods. As reactionaries, they
entrench their authoritarian programs by disavowing progressive, Universalist
notions of gender equality and replacing with a brutal patriarchy that
subjugates women and consolidates their power. Philosopher Slavoj Zizek’s
insights on this subject of gender and totalitarianism are particularly
instructive. <a href="http://inthesetimes.com/article/18605/breaking-the-taboos-in-the-wake-of-paris-attacks-the-left-must-embrace-its">Discussing
the religious extremist group Boko Haram, Zizek brilliantly articulates how megalomaniacs
use of sexism acts as a way to counteract global progress towards equality,
bring back pseudo-traditional values and construct a power structure that best
serves their interests. <o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Does the same not hold
for, say, Boko Haram? For certain Muslims the liberation of women appears as
the most visible feature of the destructive cultural impact of capitalist
modernization. Therefore, Boko Haram, which can be roughly and descriptively
translated as “Western education [of women specifically] is forbidden,” can
perceive itself as a way of fighting the destructive impact of modernization
when it imposes hierarchic regulation between the two sexes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As predatory creeps
like Trump continue to talk about things like their daughter’s attractiveness, we
need to be diligent and mount serious critiques against the misogyny express by
these eminently dangerous demagogues. It is essential to recognize this not
only as the bigoted feelings of individuals but as something even more
destructive—the structural exploitation and domination of women. In conclusion,
when groups like Boko Haram and the GOP try to realize their dreams of a
male-dominated society through offensive machismo, promotion of sexual assault
and the backlash against gender equity, they are trying to accumulate power and
dominate their subjects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-63865852832962684402016-10-01T22:04:00.002-07:002016-10-01T22:04:40.873-07:00But Rosie Started It!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_qnCU_LAdvs/V_CVUKzcCyI/AAAAAAAAAOw/KGvPtQ5OvgseFUWtaN7ORstxDQt0BVPhgCLcB/s1600/donaldtrump-news.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_qnCU_LAdvs/V_CVUKzcCyI/AAAAAAAAAOw/KGvPtQ5OvgseFUWtaN7ORstxDQt0BVPhgCLcB/s320/donaldtrump-news.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">As I scoured the internet for articles
that I could discuss in my critical blog post, I stumbled upon the Southern
Poverty Law Center’s concise (SPLC) description of the alt-right. In a few
words, <a href="http://www.salon.com/2016/08/31/trolls-true-believers-and-trump-decoding-the-alt-rights-nihilistic-revolution/">the
SPLC managed to succinctly explain what drives this prejudiced political movement.</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">“The alt-right, which the Southern
Poverty Law Center <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/alternative-right"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">defines</span></a> as ‘a set of far-right ideologies, groups
and individuals whose core belief is that ‘white identity’ is under attack by
multicultural forces using ‘political correctness’ and ‘social justice’ to
undermine white people and ‘their’ civilization.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">What makes this relatively dry, dispassionate
definition so interesting is that the SPLC is perceptive enough to discern a
certain disdain for ‘political correctness’ as one of the driving force. Just look
at the anti-p.c. rhetoric spewed by prominent members of the alt-right intelligentsia.
Listening to, and reading, <a href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/09/08/milo_yiannopoulos_talks_political_correctness_on_cnbc_media_determined_to_crown_me_queen_of_alt-right.html">the
polemics of public intellectuals like Milo Yiannopoulos</a>, it becomes fully
apparent that political correctness has animated the pepe-lovers as much as any
other issue. Of course, standing at the helm of the alt-right movement, Donald
Trump has adopted this anti-p.c. stance and made it one of the key issues in
his campaign. While there are innumerable examples of Trump’s scorn for
political correctness, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/">nothing
throws this sentiment into sharper relief than his statements on Islam</a>. The
most egregious example of this was when, in the wake of the horrific Orlando shooting,
<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/">Trump
released a press statement proclaiming</a>, “I am trying to save lives and
prevent the next terrorist attack. We can't afford to be politically correct
anymore.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,
if Trump and his acolytes believe that political correctness makes people fragile
(a criticism that’s not only been made by the alt-right but also r<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/">espectable
publications like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Atlantic</i></a>),
one would expect Trump to be a resilient candidate who is able to easily brush
off any criticism, right? After Monday night’s debate, apparently not. A
classic example of failing to live up to one’s own ideal, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/26/the-first-trump-clinton-presidential-debate-transcript-annotated/">Trump’s
constant framing of his critics, specifically Rosie O’Donnell and Hillary
Clinton, as “vicious” and mean</a> betrays a frailness that the alt-right
usually associates with political correctness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">You know, Hillary is hitting me with
tremendous commercials. Some of it’s said in entertainment. Some of it’s said—somebody
who’s been very vicious to me, Rosie O’Donnell, I said very tough things to
her, and I think everybody would agree that she deserves it and nobody feels
sorry for her. But you want to the truth? I was going to say something…extremely
rough to Hillary, to her family, and I said to myself, ‘I can’t do it. I just
can’t do it. It’s inappropriate. It’s not nice.’ But she spent hundreds of
millions of dollars on negatives ads on me, many of which are absolutely untrue.
They’re untrue. And they’re misrepresentations. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">And I will tell you this, Lester: It’s not nice. And I don’t deserve
that.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Watching
the debate, I found it to be extremely rich that a man who beckons us to be tough
on Islam gets so outraged by a couple of biting comments by <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/09/27/donald-trump-keeps-talking-about-rosie-odonnell-in-debates/">people
he’s offended in the most repulsive ways possible</a>. Furthermore, Trump’s
tenderness begs the question: Can you really be the archetype of the politically-incorrect
strongman when you cannot help but tell the world how much Rosie O’ Donnell
hurt your precious feelings? Though the obvious answer is no, maybe the
paradoxical nature of Trump as an authoritarian figure and petulant crybaby is
emblematic of the alt-right as a whole. It’s no wonder that, while they fashion
themselves as courageous fighters in the war against politically correct
America, the members of the alt-right always see themselves as a marginalized
group. In a way, Trump’s debate performance showed that, despite their anti
p.c. protests, those who associate with the far right are as sensitive as the
politically correct strawmen they constantly rail against. Trump and friends
can bloviate all they want about how tough they are; it still doesn’t change
who they are—a bunch of sniveling cowards. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-72442633342186533252016-09-25T23:21:00.001-07:002016-09-25T23:21:22.525-07:00It Is Not Only Trump<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-euh4K0DKwlA/V-i-Tscd-YI/AAAAAAAAAOg/hWbYCod3S5sqt0Nd_QEdtji8IYEuflXdwCLcB/s1600/Cruz-Trump-Getty.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-euh4K0DKwlA/V-i-Tscd-YI/AAAAAAAAAOg/hWbYCod3S5sqt0Nd_QEdtji8IYEuflXdwCLcB/s320/Cruz-Trump-Getty.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">This week, Ted Cruz, once touted as a
principled conservative, endorsed the most unprincipled man in the United
States: Donald Trump. </span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/23/politics/ted-cruz-endorses-donald-trump/" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">In
a Facebook post laden with his trademark piety</a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">, Cruz wrote, “After many
months of careful consideration, of prayer and searching my own conscience, I
have decided that on election Day, I will vote for the Republican nominee.” In
the wake of Cruz’s endorsement, a variety of journalists, pundits and writers
opined on the event. </span><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/why-ted-cruz-surrendered-to-donald-trump" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">While
there were a number of insightful reactions</a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">, it was the consternation of </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Atlantic</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">’s Russell Berman that
affected me the most.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">The Texas senator
announced his support for the Republican nominee late Friday afternoon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/tedcruzpage/posts/10154476728267464"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">in a Facebook post</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">, writing that the possibility
of a Hillary Clinton presidency was “wholly unacceptable” and that he was
keeping his year-old commitment to back the party’s choice. Cruz listed six
policy-focused reasons why he was backing Trump, beginning with the importance
of appointing conservatives to the Supreme Court and citing Trump’s recently
expanded list of potential nominees. Other reasons included Obamacare—which
Trump has vowed to repeal—immigration, national security, and Trump’s newfound
support for Cruz’s push against an Obama administration move to relinquish U.S.
oversight of an internet master directory of web addresses…Yet if there are six
reasons Cruz gives for embracing Trump, there are another five for why his
endorsement is the most stunning about-face of any of the Republicans who once
opposed the real-estate tycoon.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">In <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/cruz-endorsement-trump/501485/">“Five
Reasons Why Ted Cruz’s Endorsement of Donald Trump Is Stunning,”</a> Berman
does a fantastic job at articulating a sentiment that many people across the
political spectrum must feel right now. However, I wonder if the article’s
thesis—that Ted Cruz voting for Donald Trump exists as an astonishing act—is
compelling only because Berman ignores the realpolitik tactics that Cruz has
employed throughout his political career. Throughout the election cycle, Ted
Cruz provided us with numerous examples of his willingness to do whatever it
takes to accumulate power and influence. The clearest example of this
cunningness was <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/02/05/ben-carson-campaign-releases-tape-of-ted-cruz-worker-spreading-rumors/">Cruz
telling Iowa primary voters that Ben Carson quit the race.</a> What saddens me
about Berman’s analysis is that it exemplifies a tendency that many writers,
liberals and conservatives alike, display when describing Cruz’s actions this
cycle. Throughout this election cycle, many have been prone to ignoring Cruz’s
abhorrent behavior simply because he is not Donald Trump. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Looking at Ted Cruz’s record, not only do people
in the political beltway turn a blind eye towards Cruz’s political machinations,
they extol him despite Cruz’s blatant racism. <a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438154/ted-cruzs-convention-speech-didnt-endorse-donald-trump">A
particularly good example of this propensity is Jeremy Carl’s “Lion Ted”</a> (a
headline which plays on Donald Trump’s “Lying Ted” coinage). In the aftermath
of Cruz’s provocative RNC speech—one in which he snubbed Donald Trump, refusing
to give him his endorsement—Carl, along with many other writers, praised Cruz’s
supposedly intrepid, as Carl states, “stand for conservatism.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">In this case, the simplest
explanation for Senator Cruz’s behavior is also the best one: He didn’t
endorse Trump because he didn’t think Trump was worthy of endorsement. Donald
Trump insulted Cruz’s wife, (presumably) planted false tabloid stories about
him in the National Enquirer, and suggested, completely baselessly, that his
father might have been involved in the assassination of President
Kennedy. Beyond these outrageous personal insults, it is clear that
Trump’s conservatism, such as it is, has little in common with the
limited-government, pro-federalism conservatism of Senator Cruz. Does that mean
that Cruz might not have endorsed Trump were it obviously politically
advantageous for him to do so? Of course not. Cruz is a political animal
— he isn’t Ron Paul searching for the most extreme way of standing by his
principles with no regard to their practical consequences. But those close
to Cruz felt that strategically, the political implications of his move
were unknowable. While a Rubio-style soft endorsement would have
been politically much safer, ultimately there were presumably enough unknown unknowns
about the politics that Senator Cruz decided that the best course of
action was simply to do what he felt was right and hope, without any
guarantees, that the politics would eventually work out for him. Ultimately,
Cruz’s performance in the hall outlined his strongest political quality: his
courage, a virtue that, ironically, he shares to some degree with his Trumpian
nemesis.</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">While Carl
does acknowledge that Cruz may have been partially motivated by self-interest, ultimately,
he makes the mistake of undeservedly praising Cruz for “his courage.” And it is
not only that Carl’s analysis is retroactively proven wrong by Cruz’s recent endorsement.
Though he should’ve seen the RNC speech as a deceptive political move, not a
sincere defense of conservatism, that alone is not why his article fails. Even
before Cruz’s endorsement of Trump, one should have questioned how Carl, or any
other journalist, could actually think that Cruz was not a noxious politician
in his own right. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/03/18/ted-cruz-wanted-to-carpet-bomb-the-islamic-state-does-he-understand-todays-military/">Is
the guy who called for the carpet-bombing of ISIS-held territories really worthy
of adulation?</a> Just because Trump’s racism is extremely dangerous, should Carl
have ignored the fact that <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/22/politics/ted-cruz-muslim-neighborhoods/">Cruz
called for “law enforcement to patrol and secure Muslim neighborhoods[?]”</a>
Indeed, as the title of this post suggest, it is not just Trump who is worthy
of condemnation. Though I acknowledge that the press must look at Trump as a unique
threat to democracy, his evil should not result in the public celebration of bigots
like Ted Cruz. Rather than heap praise on to the Senator from Texas, we should
hold him accountable. If we do not, we are in serious danger of letting devious
figures like Ted Cruz take control of the levers of power. <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-39286084431897168272016-09-16T18:05:00.001-07:002016-09-26T07:58:57.307-07:00No More Dreams<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fbcZ8rS8S9U/V9yWSoSpodI/AAAAAAAAAOM/15avR4z2bZs_cRDsd0m349TL4y7G0cocwCLcB/s1600/t_coates_credit_gabriella_demzuk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fbcZ8rS8S9U/V9yWSoSpodI/AAAAAAAAAOM/15avR4z2bZs_cRDsd0m349TL4y7G0cocwCLcB/s320/t_coates_credit_gabriella_demzuk.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">To qualify as a public intellectual, one
cannot rely on the sheer strength of their mental faculties. Furthermore, the
public intellectual’s role in society is not to simply showcase their cognitive
abilities. The public intellectual must adhere to a certain code of ethics;
they must strive towards a particular ideal. To Prof. Stephen Mack, an adversarial
disposition is an essential aspect of this ideal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">It is also, however, the obligation of every citizen in a
democracy. Trained to it or not, all participants in self-government are
duty-bound to prod, poke, and pester the powerful institutions that would shape
their lives. And so if public intellectuals have any role to play in a
democracy—and they do—it’s simply to keep the pot boiling. The measure of public
intellectual work is not whether the people are listening, but whether they’re
hearing things worth talking about (Mack).</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">For Prof. Mack, the public
intellectual has a duty to keep political discourse intriguing and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">threatening</i>. Indeed, if an intellectual
wants to engage with others in the agora, they have an obligation to lambast
political apparatuses, question religious dogmas and dismantle intellectual
edifices. A public intellectual should haunt their readers’ dreams, forcing
them to doubt their most closely held beliefs. That is why Ta’Nahesi Coates—National
Book Award winner and writer for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Atlantic</i>—is the preeminent public intellectual of our current epoch. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">One of the defining characteristics of Ta’Nehisi Coates’ work is
its candor. Speaking plainly about unpalatable topics like white supremacy and “the
plunder” of “the black body,” Coates writing is menacing to a significant
portion of America (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World </i>36,
14). Insisting that white supremacy was instrumental in the creation of
American democracy, Coates has provided his readers with a dreary, yet
beautiful, portrait of black life. Describing the MacArthur Genius’ early work
at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Atlantic</i>, Benjamin
Wallace-Wells states, “A</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">gainst the optimism of the Obama ascendancy, Coates offered a bleaker
view: that no postracial era was imminent, that white supremacy has been a
condition of the United States since its inception and that it might always be”
(Wells). When reading Coates’ oeuvre, one is constantly forced to confront their
role in perpetuating the systematic domination of the black community. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">For Coates, white supremacy
manifests itself in a myriad of ways. Whether it is overt forms of discrimination,
like the “carceral state,” or more discreet variations, white rule permeates
throughout all parts of American life (“The Black Family”). In a sense, it is
these subtle forms of oppression—ignorance of the plight of black people, the
belief in American democracy—that infuriate Coates the most. When media
journalist Dylan Byers questioned Ta’Nehisi Coates’ naming of Melissa Harris
Perry, a black female, as “America’s foremost public intellectual”, the Howard
University graduate used the criticism to illustrate a profound point concerning
white power (“The Smartest Nerd”). Seeing the pernicious effects of “bigotry” in
Byers attack, Coates responded beautifully. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">Here is the machinery of racism—the privilege of being
oblivious to questions, of never having to grapple with the everywhere; the
right of false naming; the right to claim that the lakes, trees, and mountains
of our world do not exist; the right to insult our intelligence with your
ignorance. The machinery of racism requires no bigotry from Dylan Byers. It
merely requires that Dylan Byers sit still (“What It Means”). </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">In
this rebuke of Byers, one sees why Ta’Nehisi Coates is a vital public
intellectual. By challenging us to recognize white supremacy as the driving
force behind America’s development, he, in turn, weakens the hold racism has on
our society. Enraging the entire political spectrum—Buckley conservatives,
neo-liberals and class reductionists— with his designation of white domination
as America’s greatest evil, Coates stays true to Prof. Mack’s model of the
public intellectual. Indeed, he is someone who “keep[s] the pot boiling.” Pushing
his black brothers and sisters towards “the struggle,” not the “Dream,”
Ta-Nehisi Coates forces all Americans to reckon with the sins of its forefathers
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World </i>42, 13). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">Coates & The Right (And
Neo-Liberals Too!)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For
decades, a debate has raged on in America: Is the American Dream inextricably
linked to the oppression of the black community? In fact, in the 1960s, an
actual debate was staged between one of Coates’ intellectual heroes, the black
writer James Baldwin, and the founder of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National
Review</i>, the conservative William F. Buckley. During the opening remarks, a
Cambridge student (representing Mr. Buckley) made the most convincing case
against the notion that the American dream was built on the backs of
African-Americans. According to Kevin M. Schultz, “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">The student
on Buckley’s side then gave a sterling talk, showing a keen awareness of the
dynamics of the room. He said, over and over again, that the success of the
American Dream has occurred ‘in spite of the suffering of the American Negro,
but not because of it” (Schultz). Disputing the claim that white supremacy is
an intrinsic part of the American Dream, conservatives argue that while the
atrocities committed against blacks stand as a serious contradiction of the
American Dream, they do not define it. As a responsible public intellectual, Ta’Nehisi
Coates urges us to be rigorous and question this conservative analysis of the
American Dream. “America begins in black plunder and white democracy, two
features that are not contradictory but complimentary” (“The Case for
Reparations”).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">In “The Case
for Reparations,” Coates shows how a significant portion of white America
exerted, and still exerts, control over the black community. According to
Coates, white supremacists formed the basis of American society and democracy through
the unrelenting exploitation of “the black body.” During slavery, “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">The vending of
the black body and the sundering of the black family became an economy unto
themselves, estimated to have brought in tens of millions of dollars to antebellum
America” (“The Case for Reparations”). Later, in places like Chicago, redlining
forced black people to make deals with predatory lenders. Subsequently, these
lenders forced black families to sign contracts, which, as Coates puts it,
“combined all the responsibilities of homeownership with all the disadvantages
of renting—while offering the benefits of neither” (“The Case for Reparations”).
Looking through this historical prism, the native Baltimorean thoroughly
repudiates the idea that the “pillaging” of blacks did NOT form the foundation
from which the American Dream, and state, arose (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World</i></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">10). “The
destruction was not incidental to America’s rise; it facilitated that rise. By
erecting a slave society, America created the economic foundation for its great
experiment in democracy</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">(“The Case for
Reparations”).</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">Based on the scourge of white supremacy, the American Dream is
something Ta’Nehisi Coates implores black people to ignore. Though those at
conservative publications like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National
Review</i> would have us believe that, “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">The founding of the United States ushered in the
modern democratic experiment, along with new concepts of freedom and human
rights” thinkers like Coates teach us to avoid such facile arguments (May). </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">Understanding his role as a public intellectual, Coates beseeches
his son, and black people as a whole, to avoid illusions, to avoid what he
refers to in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between the World and Me</i>
(his magnum opus)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>as, “the Dream.” </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">Though the illusion is intoxicating, Coates avoids the </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">“the Dream” because it relies on “the plunder” of “the black body.”
“The Dream is treehouses and the Cub Scouts…And for so long I have wanted to
escape into the Dream, to fold my country over my head like a blanket. But this
has never been an option because the Dream rests on our backs, the bedding made
from our bodies” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World </i>13).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">As a black man, Coates cannot pursue “the Dream,” knowing full
well it was built on the “pillaging” of the “black body.” Coates argues against
“the Dream” not only because of its sinister origins, but also because of how
it constrains creative expression. Here, Coates, understanding his role as a
public intellectual, implies that ignoring the wounds of white supremacy is not
only an immoral act, but also an act that stunts intellectual growth.“The Dream
is the enemy of all art, courageous thinking, and honest writing” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World</i> 47). Instead, Coates
prescribes to his son, and to all black people, “the struggle,” or the fight to
protect ones black body from the plundering of the white man. Coates conception
of the struggle provides black people with a blueprint to find salvation, to
find “meaning.” “And still I urge you to struggle. Struggle for the memory of
your ancestors. Struggle for wisdom…Struggle for your grandmother and
grandfather, for your name,” Coates says to his son (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World </i>133). For Ta’Nehisi Coates, “struggle, in and of
itself, has meaning” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World </i>64).
Not only is the black person’s struggle a fight against white oppression, but
it is also a struggle for enlightenment, for truth. Though, at the end of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between the World and Me</i>, he harangues
his son to avoid helping the white people become disillusioned, to find their
own struggle, Coates’ universalism is evident. As a public intellectual, Coates
pushes ALL of us into “the void,” into the “struggle,” asking us to illuminate
the ignorant world around us with the light of knowledge (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between World </i>48).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">One of the most pervasive arguments against Coates’ work is that
it somehow ignores the role personal responsibility plays in building a safe
and nurturing community. His critics accuse him of ignoring how cultural
factors have negatively affected the black community. In his critique of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between the World and Me</i>, Rich Lowry,
editor of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Review</i>, discusses
what, in his opinion, is sorely missing from Coates’ masterwork.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">He gives the impression of denying the moral agency of
blacks, who are often portrayed as the products of forces beyond their control.
He returns again and again to a kid who aimed a gun at him when he was young.
I’m perfectly prepared to believe that the legacy of racism played a greater
role in that act than I might think at first blush, but surely the kid himself
bears some responsibility (Lowry)?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">From Lowry’s conservative perspective, when
Coates places the perils of the black community squarely on the shoulders of
white supremacy, he allows black people to abdicate their personal
responsibility. Furthermore, conservatives are not the only ones who level this
criticism at Coates. Even neo-liberals (in the Clintonian sense of the word)
like Jonathan Chait do not concur with Coates’ assessment of Black America. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">For Jonathan Chait,
Coates is simply incorrect when he ignores culture in his explanation for the
plight of the black community. Writing in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NY
Mag</i>, Jonathan Chait states, “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">…ultimately, Coates is circling back to an argument that
prevailed among liberals in the 1970s and 1980s, and which Democrats abandoned,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">correctly” (Chait). While Chait does acknowledge and emphasize
racism more than his conservative counterparts, he still claims personal
responsibility plays a role, something Coates categorically denies. In his rebuttal
to Chait (who wrote for the neo-liberal magazine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Republic</i> when they pushed welfare reform), Coates uses
empiricism to refute the notion that a lack of personal responsibility
contributed to the “degradation and humiliation” of the black community (“Black
Pathology”). Speaking on the crisis of the black family, the most contentious issue
in the personal responsibility debate, Coates uses historical evidence to show
how, in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, a high percentage of black
households were two-parent household. The problem did not lie with them; it
lied with the white supremacists that terrorized these black families.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">The point here is rich and repeated in American history—it
was not "cultural residue" that threatened black marriages. It was
white terrorism, white rapacity, and white violence. And the commitment
among freedpeople to marriage mirrored a larger commitment to the
reconstitution of family, itself necessary because of systemic white violence
(“Black Pathology”).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">For Coates, to say that a lack of cultural values
contributed to the current situation of black people is, in a sense, to
exonerate white oppression. Whether it was slavery, redlining or “ghetto loans”
from Wells Fargo, to Coates, the incessant plundering of the black body and
black wealth by the white patriarchy stands as the only explanation for the current
milieu black people find themselves in (“The Case for Reparations”). Looking at
how, for example, immediately after the abolition of slavery former slaves eagerly
sought out education, Coates provides us with the best rebuttal to the personal
responsibility arguments promulgated by the likes of Lowry and Chait. Whenever
black people strived for greatness, security and a placid life, white power was
there to steal their wealth, to attack their bodies. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">Coates
& The Left</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
sign of a profound public intellectual, Coates not only infuriates the Right
and the Center, but also his comrades on the Left. With his focus on reparations,
Ta’Nehisi Coates has found leftist class-reductionism to be a dubious explanation
for why black people play such a subservient role in white America. With his focus
on LBJ’s delineation of “white poverty” and “black poverty,” and the criticisms
of Bernie Sanders that stemmed from this distinction, Coates has caught a lot
of flak from the Left, including a handful of black leftists (“The Case for
Reparations”). In an interview with Doug Henwood, Prof. Adolph Reed shows
nothing but contempt and scorn for Coates’ work. “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">I say that their race first politics is a
class politics. It’s not an alternative to class politics it’s a politics of a
different class. It’s not a working class politics, it’s an aspiring PMC
politics that’s hinged in material terms ultimately on race relations administration
as a career path</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">” (Reed). For Coates however, this
Marxist class-only perspective obscures the reality of the black struggle, a
struggle created in the face of white supremacy. This is not simple class
exploitation. In “The Case for Reparations ,” Coates states, “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 200%;">Liberals today
mostly view racism not as an active, distinct evil but as a relative of white
poverty and inequality. They ignore the long tradition of this country actively
punishing black success—and the elevation of that punishment, in the mid-20th
century, to federal policy” (“The Case for Reparations”). For Coates, whether
it’s John C. Calhoun’s racist pronouncement (“The two great divisions of
society are not the rich and poor, but white and black”) or Lyndon B. Johnson’s
description of “white poverty” and “black poverty,” America has provided us with
countless examples of how white supremacy is a force unto itself, separate from
class domination (“The Case for Reparations”). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
of the main points of contention between Coates and class-focused leftists deals
with the idea of reparations. For many on the Left, reparations focus too much
on the plights of one marginalized group at the expense of ignoring the
socio-economic turmoil of other communities. For the presidential candidate
Bernie Sanders, an avowed democratic-socialist, reparations are too “divisive”
(Sanders). For a leftist writer like Cedric Johnson, Coates’ call for
reparations is based on a bourgeoisie race politics. In his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jacobin Magazine</i> article, “An Open
Letter To </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ta-Nehisi Coates and the Liberals Who Love
Him,” Johnson makes this sentiment clear to the reader. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The claim that social democracy and socialism are always and
everywhere at odds with racial progress is simply false. It is not supported by
the actual history of progressive struggles and the substantive ways they
transformed black life. Ultimately, Coates’s views about class<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">and</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>race —
and this nation’s complex and tortured historical development — are
well-meaning and at times poetic, but wrongheaded. The reparations argument is
rooted in black nationalist politics, which traditionally elides class and
neglects the way that race-first politics are often the means for advancing
discrete, bourgeois class interests (Johnson).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Though Johnson’s article is somewhat
persuasive, Coates focus on white supremacy still feels like the more
compelling perspective. When parsing class-first arguments like Johnson’s,
Coates points out that, not only can socialism ignore racism, it can be racist
in itself. In his critique of Bernie Sanders, Coates eloquently elucidates this
point. “<span style="background: white;">This is the ‘class first’ approach,
originating in the myth that racism and socialism are necessarily incompatible.
But raising the minimum wage doesn’t really address the fact that black men
without criminal records have about the same shot at low-wage work as white men
with them” (“Why Precisely”). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pushing back against the
Left, Coates follows a line of argumentation that is inherently skeptical about
the potential for broad, class-based initiatives to ameliorate the horrible
condition of black people in America. To him, the only solution is the payment
of reparations. “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reparations are not one
possible tool against white supremacy. It is the indispensable tool against
white supremacy. One cannot propose to plunder a people, incur a moral and
monetary debt, propose to never pay it back, and then claim to be seriously
engaging in the fight against white supremacy” (“The Case for Reparations”). Coates
proposal is not an easy one for white America to grapple with. To Coates,
simple economic redistribution is not enough; the barbaric plundering of the
black community is a specific grievance with a specific solution. This solution
will finally pay-back the wealth that was stolen from blacks during their time
in America. Not only that, evoking his concepts of “the struggle,” and “the
Dream,” Coates, in “The Case for Reparations,” claims reparations are the only
way for WHITE people to find redemption and end white supremacy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Won’t
reparations divide us? Not any more than we are already divided. The wealth gap
merely puts a number on something we feel but cannot say—that American
prosperity was ill-gotten and selective in its distribution. What is needed is
an airing of family secrets, a settling with old ghosts. What is needed is a
healing of the American psyche and the banishment of white guilt. What I’m
talking about is more than recompense for past injustices—more than a handout,
a payoff, hush money, or a reluctant bribe. What I’m talking about is a
national reckoning that would lead to spiritual renewal. Reparations would mean
the end of scarfing hot dogs on the Fourth of July while denying the facts of
our heritage. Reparations would mean the end of yelling “patriotism” while
waving a Confederate flag. Reparations would mean a revolution of the American
consciousness, a reconciling of our self-image as the great democratizer with
the facts of our history (“The Case for Reparations”).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">For Coates, reparations can spur American
towards a new beginning. In Coates world, reparations hold the key to “a new
nation,” one that does have white supremacy as its founding principle. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Whether one is sitting in a crowded café amongst
Marxist scholars, or in a church service filled with god-fearing </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Christians, they
are bound to find an erudite person who yearns to debate the merits of
Ta’Naheisi Coates’ writings. Though these people may have nothing but effusive
praise for the man, they probably find his arguments to be absurd. Actually,
not only do the aforementioned people almost assuredly find his thinking to be preposterous,
they also feel that his tone is too menacing, too <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dangerous</i>. For those on the Left and the Center, the framework of
white supremacy that Coates applies in his polemics is too vindictive, too <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">honest</i>. To those on the Right, Coates’
tone, his abrasiveness, is too harsh, too <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">real</i>.
However, as Coates’ detractors seek to ruin him, they, unwittingly, validate
him as a public intellectual. Indeed, it is because Coates is adept at
eliciting such passionate reactions that he is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> public intellectual of our times. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Works Cited<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chait, Jonathan. "Barack Obama,
Ta-Nehisi Coates, Poverty, and Culture." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NY Mag</i>. NY Mag, 19 Mar. 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/03/obama-ta-nehisi-coates-poverty-and-culture.html>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between the World and Me</i>. New York: Penguin Random House, 2015.
IBooks.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. "The Black
Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlantic</i> Oct. 2015: n. pag. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Atlantic</i>. The Atlantic, Oct. 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/the-black-family-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration/403246/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. "Black
Pathology and the Closing of the Progressive Mind." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Atlantic</i>. The Atlantic, 21 Mar. 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/black-pathology-and-the-closing-of-the-progressive-mind/284523/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. "The Case for
Reparations." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlantic</i> June
2014: n. pag. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Atlantic</i>. The
Atlantic, June 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. "The Smartest
Nerd in the Room." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Atlantic</i>.
The Atlantic, 6 Jan. 2014. Web. 3 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/01/the-smartest-nerd-in-the-room/282836/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. "What It Means
to Be a Public Intellectual." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Atlantic</i>. The Atlantic, 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 3 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/01/what-it-means-to-be-a-public-intellectual/282907/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coates, Ta'Nehisi. "Why Precisely
Is Bernie Sanders Against Reparations?" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Atlantic</i>. The Atlantic, 19 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/black-pathology-and-the-closing-of-the-progressive-mind/284523/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Johnson, Cedric. "An Open Letter
to Ta-Nehisi Coates and the Liberals Who Love Him." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jacobin</i>. Jacobin Magazine, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/02/ta-nehisi-coates-case-for-reparations-bernie-sanders-racism/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lowry, Rich. "The Toxic World-View
of Ta-Nehisi Coates." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">POLITICO</i>.
POLITICO, 22 July 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/the-toxic-world-view-of-ta-nehisi-coates-120512>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mack, Stephen. "The Supposed
Decline of the Public Intellectual." Web log post. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Democratic Review</i>. Stephen Mack, 24 Aug. 2016. Web. 2 Sept.
2016. <http://www.stephenmack.com/blog/archives/2016/08/the_supposed_de_1.html#more>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May, Clifford D. "In Defense of
American Exceptionalism." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National
Review</i>. National Review, 2 June 2011. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.nationalreview.com/article/268588/defense-american-exceptionalism-clifford-d-may>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reed, Adolph. "Adolph Reed on
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sanders, Bernie. "Bernie Sanders
On Reparations." Interview by Fusion. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Youtube</i>.
Youtube, 13 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schultz, Kevin M. "William F.
Buckley and National Review’s Vile Race Stance." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salon</i>. Salon, 7 June 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.salon.com/2015/06/07/william_f_buckley_and_national_reviews_vile_race_stance_everything_you_need_to_know_about_conservatives_and_civil_rights/>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wallace-Willis, Benjamin. "The
Hard Truths of Ta-Nehisi Coates." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NY
Mag</i>. NY Mag, 12 July 2015. Web. 2 Sept. 2016.
<http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/07/ta-nehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me.html>.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914377870381642987noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6892000801149221574.post-34446450955015337012016-09-11T01:06:00.000-07:002016-09-11T22:19:04.954-07:00 Assange Loves Mr. Trump<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TEe0OdU5o4c/V9UI6GDORuI/AAAAAAAAAN0/WstAyubf3agKa7RWBUTXLPlfTo-fIi0PACLcB/s1600/140618181045-lead-intv-julian-assange-exile-life-00001913-story-top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TEe0OdU5o4c/V9UI6GDORuI/AAAAAAAAAN0/WstAyubf3agKa7RWBUTXLPlfTo-fIi0PACLcB/s320/140618181045-lead-intv-julian-assange-exile-life-00001913-story-top.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> "...I have leaked documents that show Hillary's health is deteriorating." </span></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">For those who think Julian Assange is a
rapist (read this </span><a href="http://observer.com/2016/02/exclusive-new-docs-throw-doubt-on-julian-assange-rape-charges-in-stockholm/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Observer</span></i></a><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">piece on his case), this post will be irrelevant and superfluous. One will, understandably, already
consider Assange to be a pariah. However, for a sizable portion of the Left, Assange, even after the accusations of rape, remained an important figure</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">. If one were to sift through the deluge of documents, cables, memos, etc. released in a Wikileaks leak, one was exposed to the inner-workings of bureaucratic corruption, military intervention, and other unseemly acts. Delighted by his work, anarchists, socialists and rebels of all colors swooned over Assange. This should not come as a surprise to anybody. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Due to Wikileaks, Assange was seen as a courageous warrior fighting against the oppressive power
of the state. <a href="http://www.salon.com/2016/04/20/noam_chomsky_defends_wiki_partner/">Even </a><a href="http://www.salon.com/2016/04/20/noam_chomsky_defends_wiki_partner/">Noam Chomsky heaped praise on him</a>! Despite this association with the left side of the political spectrum, recently, Assange has made worrying overtures to some of the Left's most vicious critics. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Lately, Assange seems...<i>unhinged </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/19/angry-julian-assange-starts-fifth-year-living-in-ecuadors-london-embassy" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">I guess five years confin</a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/19/angry-julian-assange-starts-fifth-year-living-in-ecuadors-london-embassy"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">ed </span>to an embassay building will </a></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/19/angry-julian-assange-starts-fifth-year-living-in-ecuadors-london-embassy">do tha</a></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/19/angry-julian-assange-starts-fifth-year-living-in-ecuadors-london-embassy" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">t to you</a></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Though Wikileaks was a fulcrum in the fight to expose the moral failures of our governments (<b>GRAPHIC
CONTENT</b>: </span><a href="https://collateralmurder.wikileaks.org/" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Collateral Murder</span></a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">),</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Assange’s recent behavior should be unsettling for even the staunchest supporters of the Australian. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">In the past couple months, h</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">e has <a href="https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/758781081072046080">a</a></span><a href="https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/758781081072046080" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ttacked Edward Snowden,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">released regular citizens’ private information</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> and </span></a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/758781081072046080">made anti-Semitic re</a><a href="http://forward.com/news/346047/wikileaks-tweets-anti-semitic-jibe-at-critics-in-black-rim-glasses/">marks</a><a href="http://forward.com/news/346047/wikileaks-tweets-anti-semitic-jibe-at-critics-in-black-rim-glasses/"> on Twitter</a>. Another cause for concern is his meddling in our current presidential election.. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Though he claimed, <a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2016/7/25/julian_assange_choosing_between_trump_or">“choosing between Trump and Clinton is like picking between cholera and gonorrhea,”</a> Assange has certainly directed the majority of his criticism towards the former Sec. of State.</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> W</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">hile </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/us/politics/hillary-clinton-libya.html?_r=0" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Hillary Clinton is certainly not above criticism</a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">, Assange's acrimony for Sec. Clinton has manifested itself in a particularly dangerous way. Even though</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2016/8/8/julian_assange_leaked_dnc_emails_shows" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">the DNC leaks</a> did inspire journalists to do some serious investigative work (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-democratic-partys-scramble-for-big-money/2016/07/24/0f02b56c-51c0-11e6-b7de-dfe509430c39_story.html">check out this WaPo piece on how people buy influence in D.C.</a>), a significant portion of Assange's political actions should give leftists pause; i</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">n a relatively short amount of time, </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Assange has gone from being an intrepid adversary of global power to a paranoid peddler of Clinton conspiracy theories. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">In fact, </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Assange, once a darling of the Left, has begun flirting with the Clinton-hating alt-right movement. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Just this last week, </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/295116-wikileaks-piles-on-to-clinton-earpiece-conspiracy" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Assange not only propagated a Clinton conspiracy concocted by </a><a href="http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/295116-wikileaks-piles-on-to-clinton-earpiece-conspiracy">the alt-right</a>, but also </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">appeared on Sean Hannity's eponymous Fox News show. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">While not completely apparent in the video, over the course of this election cycle, Hannity has established himself as an ardent Trump supporter, acting as an abetter to the far-right's vile political program. Turn on
Fox News and you will immediately recognize Hannity’s racist bloviating as
something akin to Trump’s own bigoted rhetoric. So, the question for the Left is, what is Assange, whose friends once included prominent leftists like Slavoj Zizek and Yanis Varoufakis, doing on a
show hosted by right-wing creep? Why is he praising Hannity
for his “analysis?” </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">What does he have to gain from acting in such an obsequious manner to Republicans like Sean Hannity?</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> (It is</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> particularly confounding if you consider the fact
that Hannity’s colleague Bill </span><a href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/07/27/bill-oreilly-michelle-obama-white-house-slaves-speech/87604632/" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">“The
Slaves Were Well Fed”</a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> O’Reilly and the rest of Fox News </span><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/oreilly/transcript/there-are-traitors-america" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">thought
Assange was an enemy of the state</a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> only a couple of years ago.) The answer is simple. For Assange, far right outlets like Fox News are the only ones willing to provide him with a platform to express his vitriol for Hillary Clinton, someone he hates with an incredible fervor.</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Indeed, <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/07/the-origin-of-julian-assange-and-wikileaks-war-on-hillary-clinton.html">a</a></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/07/the-origin-of-julian-assange-and-wikileaks-war-on-hillary-clinton.html">s Jacob Siegel of the Daily Beast points out</a></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">, Assange has a long and
well-documented history of mounting serious attacks on Hillary Clinton. While </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLFctm5ubm0" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Assange may have legitimate grievances</a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> against Hillary Clinton, one must pose the question: 'Is defeating Hillary Clinton worth a Donald Trump presidency?' O</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">ne must ask Assange, </span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">is the alt-right preferable to Clinton? Is Sec. Clinton worse than this gang of racists? Fueled by resentment, Assange has concluded that, <i>yes</i>, Donald Trump and his group of nazi-loving shitheads are better than Hillary Clinton. Blinded by bitterness, the petulant Assange must defeat Clinton, even if defeating the Democratic nominee means enabling an insurrection coordinated by white supremacists. And while Assange may not be supporting Donald Trump and his cronies out of any sincere political conviction, it still does not absolve of him of any wrongdoing</span><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Even if he believes Hillary Clinton will do irreparable harm to the world, his gripes do not give him the license to bolster a xenophobic, racist campaign like Trump's. If one’s goal is to defeat coercive imperial powers, one does not
team up with a bunch of ethno-nationalists who, as Matt Christman of
the CHAPOTRAPHOUSE podcast stated, </span><a href="https://soundcloud.com/chapo-trap-house/episode-36-dear-gulen-feat-lfeatherz-82916" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">“are
gonna lynch everybody if they get in power.”</a><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> But Julian doesn't care. He's gone off the deep end.</span></span></div>
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